How the work fits together

An integrated stack for measuring cyber risk in money. Empirical loss data, agent-based simulation, AI-grounded estimation, exploit hazard modelling, and psychometric validation — built as open-source tools, calibrated against a private evidence corpus.

← Tools · Publications

Evidence
Engines
Supporting input
Validation
Decisions
Empirical Loss Data Corpus curated records from 200+ public sources enforcement · litigation · insurance · threat frequency loss tables, threat defaults calibration files IRIS benchmarks Threat Frequency Estimator How often do threats occur? with Jack Jones Control Framework Mapper Where does each control fit? threat event frequency control mappings LLM Classification Validator validates control mappings Agent-Based Model of FAIR-CAM Control dynamics over time How do controls degrade and interact? with Jack Jones DYNAMIC · PHYSICS-BASED AI Loss Estimation Engine 5 LLM agents deliberate on losses What does a specific breach cost? AI-GROUNDED · PER-COMPONENT Monte Carlo Risk Engine Monte Carlo FAIR simulation What is the aggregate portfolio risk? STATISTICAL · QUICK Local Exploit Hazard Model Bayesian exploit hazard Which exploits are likely here? with Stephen Shaffer BAYESIAN · SURVIVAL HAZARD Evidence-Based Risk Estimates Loss distributions · Breach probabilities · Control effectiveness · Local exploit hazard · Portfolio aggregation Accompanying publications on SSRN / arXiv how to act on the numbers Security Decision Science 21 open notebooks · decision-security library on PyPI Monte Carlo · Bayesian updating · value of information · survival analysis · causal inference · game theory · behavioural traps FROM ESTIMATES TO DECISIONS · MIT

Evidence Empirical Loss Data Corpus

The evidence base

Curated records from 200+ public sources covering enforcement actions, litigation outcomes, insurance claims, threat frequency, control effectiveness, and human factors. Private data; methodology and tooling not yet released.

Calibrates: the simulator, the AI estimation engine, and the Monte Carlo engine with empirical distributions

Simulation Agent-Based Model of FAIR-CAM

How controls actually work
With Jack Jones

Agent-based model implementing FAIR-CAM. Eight agent types simulate control degradation, variance management, budget-constrained remediation, and loss emergence over time. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.

Estimation AI Loss Estimation Engine

What a breach costs, decomposed

Five LLM agents (IR Lead, Legal Counsel, Regulator, Insurer, Plaintiff) deliberate over four rounds to produce per-component FAIR loss distributions. SLEF decomposition: regulatory, litigation, reputation, competitive.

Estimation Monte Carlo Risk Engine

Quick portfolio risk

Monte Carlo FAIR risk quantification with IRIS 2025 benchmarks. Scenario comparison, sensitivity analysis, portfolio aggregation. The fast path for straightforward FAIR analysis.

Estimation Local Exploit Hazard Model

Which vulnerabilities are likely to be exploited here
With Stephen Shaffer

Turns global exploit probabilities (EPSS) into a daily exploit hazard for an organisation’s own assets. Control effectiveness is a probability distribution, seeded from expert opinion and updated from telemetry, breach-and-attack simulation, or penetration testing. Constant or age-dependent Weibull hazard; hazards sum from vulnerability to host to organisation, and candidate remediations are ranked by hazard reduction. Implemented by CIRCL in Vulnerability-Lookup. MIT.

Input Threat Frequency Estimator

How often threats occur
With Jack Jones

Empirical threat event frequency estimation. Three-anchor triangulation, four-vector decomposition, sector and revenue multipliers from IRIS 2025.

Input Control Framework Mapper

Where does each control fit

LLM-based. Maps any control framework (NIST CSF, ISO 27001, CIS, and others) to VERIS A4 and FAIR-CAM taxonomies. Batch, real-time, and manual modes. 291+ validation tests.

Validation An LLM’s mapping is an estimate like any other, so the mapper comes with its own validator, the LLM Classification Validator. Five checks: do repeated runs agree; do the labels exist in the target framework; does the mapping match an independently derived one; can it tell near-identical controls apart; does the answer stay stable when the wording changes. Published with the Cloud Security Alliance (July 2026).

Decisions Security Decision Science

From estimates to decisions

A risk estimate is only useful if it changes what someone does. Twenty-one open notebooks in four parts — prerequisites, decision frameworks, behavioural traps, causal and strategic reasoning — cover Monte Carlo, Bayesian updating, value of information, survival analysis, causal inference, and game theory, applied to security decisions. The companion decision-security library is on PyPI. MIT.

Related publications
2026

Modeling Local Exploit Hazard — A Bayesian Framework for Quantifying Exploit Risk and Operational Efficiency

Shaffer & Voicu · arXiv

2026

Control Physiology: An Agent-Based Model of FAIR-CAM Dynamics

Jones & Voicu · SSRN · arXiv

2026

Model Risk Testing & Analysis for Cyber Risk Quantification

ERQI · Zenodo

2024

Securing LLM Backed Systems: Essential Authorization Practices

Cloud Security Alliance · Lead author